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TARR AND McMURRY'S NEW GEOGRAPHIES 



ARKANSAS STATE SUPPLEMENT 



BY 

ROSE BLAND 

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OP AKKANSA3 
FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
1912 

All rights reserved 



Cci.A3i<;a;>4 



'•'' . ^ 



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%°^ 



ARKAXSAS SUPPLEMENT 



BY ROSE BLAND, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, 

FAYETTE VILLE, ARKANSAS 



1. Map Study 

1. What states border Arkansas'.' "_'. What 
great water bouudary has the state? 3. What is 
the latitude of the southern boundary ? The north- 
ern ? 4. How many miles north of the equator is 
the southern boundary? 5. If you were to travel 
directly east from Little Rock to the Atlantic Ocean, 
what states would you cross? 6. If you were to 
travel directly west from Little Rock to the Pacific 
Ocean, what states would you cross ? 7. Point 
toward St. Louis ; Kansas Citj' ; Chicago ; New 
York; San Francisco; New Orleans. 

8. From the scale of miles determine the greatest 
length of the state from ea,st to west. 9. What is 
the greatest width from north to south? 

10. Across the state draw a line which will sepa- 
rate the lowlands from the highlands. 11. On 
which side of the line are the highlands? The low- 
lands? 12. How does the area of the highland 
section compare with that of the lowlands ? 

13. What is the largest river that crosses Arkan- 
sas? 14. Describe its course. 15. What other 
large river flows in much the same direction across 
the state? 16. What large river besides the 
Mississippi bounds Arkansas on the northeast? 
17. Describe its course. 18. Name the large 
rivei-s that drain the southern part of the state. 
19. What do you notice about the curves of the 
Mississippi River along the eastern boundary of the 
state? 20. Where is the lake region of the state? 

21. Name and locate five important cities on or 
near the .\rkansas River. 22. Locate one city on 
the Mississippi River. 23. Locate five important 
cities south of the Arkansas Hiver. 24. Locate 
four important cities north of the Arkansas River. 
25. What is the capital of the state ? 

26. In what county do you live ? 27. What are 
the boundaries of your county? 28. In what 
county is the capital of the state? 

II. General Facts 

Arkansas is located in the southern jiart 
of the Mississippi valley, the southern 
boundary being only a little more than two 
liundred miles north of the Gulf of Mexico. 
The Mississippi River forms 
the eastern boundary. The 
latitude of the southern boundary is 33°. 
The latitude of the northern boundary is 

Copyright, 1912, by The 
1 



36° 30', the line made fauKnis by the Mis- 
souri Compromise in 1820. This throws 
Arkansas south of every point in Europe 
except the extreme southern point of Spain. 
It lies in the same latitude as the eastern 
portion of the Mediterranean Sea and the 
central part of the island of Hondo, Japan. 
Arkansas is advantageously located, being 
near the center of the continent, in the 
heart of the Mississippi valley, and in posi- 
tion to make use of the transportation facili- 
ties offered by the Mississippi River. The 
opening of the Panama Canal will greatly 
increase the importance in location, as a 
much larger volume of commerce will be 
opened up to the state. 

In shape Arkansas approaches a square. 
Its greatest length from east to west is two 
liundred miles and its greatest 
width from north to south is 
two hundred fifty miles. Its area, 53,385 
square miles, does not differ materially 
from the area of North Carolina. In point 
of size Arkansas ranks twenty-fourth among 
the states of the Union. In comparison 
with countries that rank as great powers 
of the world it is larger than England, it 
is more than one third as large as Japan, 
and more than one fourth as large as either 
France or Germany. 

The population of Arkansas in 1910 was 
1,574,419. Compared with the population 
of 1900 this represents an increase, during 
the past ten years, of 20 per cent. Dur- 
ing the same period of time 
the population of continental 
United States increased 21 per cent. The 
urban population of the state — that is, cities 
and incorporated towns of 2500 iniiabitants 
or more — contained 12.9 per cent of the 
entire population, while 87.1 per cent lived 
in rural territory. Compared with the dis- 
tribution of population in 1900 these figures 
show that the urban population increased 

Macmillan Company. 



Population 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



more than three and one fourth times as fast 
as the rural. 

The white population is niaile up almost 
entirely of native Americans. Very few 
foreigners have entered the state, and until 
the last few years the immigration has been 
in the main from other southern states. 
Recently settlers from the nortliern states 
have begun to come to Aikansas. 




Fi(i 



Tlie negro population is confined largely 
to the lowlands of the state, the largest pro- 
portion being found in some of the counties 
tliat border Louisiana and Mississippi. 

In fourteen counties of the state the negro 
population predominates. These counties 
are found in the eastern and southern tiers 
of counties. The negroes are engaged 
largely in farming, but white farmers, both 
as owners and tenants, greatly exceed them 
in niunber. The effects of the bondage of 
slaverv and lack of education reveal lliem- 



selves in the work of the negroes. Instead 
of raising a variety of crops on their farms, 
very few attempt to do anything but raise 
cotton. They cultivate this with no knowl- 
edge of scientific principles and no attempt 
to use fertilizers, and so they fall below the 
whites in proportionate production. In the 
highland region, where there are fewer ne- 
groes, they are in more prosperous circum- 
stances, use better 
nu-thods of work, 
and a much larger 
J) r o p o r t i o n own 
their farms. 

The total popu- 
lation of Arkansas 
in 1910, according 
to color, was as 
fol lows : white 
1.131,030; negro 
442,891 ; all other 
persons 528. In 
1910 the negro 
population made 
28.1 per cent of the 
entire population, 
as against 28 per 
cent in 1900 and 
27.4 in 1890. 



1. Witli wli.-U large 
shipjiing points on tlie 
Mis-sissippi is Arkan- 
sas in close tonch by 
its location? 2. Of 
what value is this to 
the state? .*!. If the 
deep waterway from 
tlie (julf is ever coiupleted, what 



Ontrtriry vf V. S. C^H»u« Burtan 
■ Population by counties. 



the (ireat Lakes t 

will he its advantage to Arkansas? 

4. IIow does Arkansas compare in size with each 
of its border st;ites? .'). IIow does it compare in 
size with the smallest state in the Union? 6. From 
the scale of miles determine your distance from the 
state capital. 

7. In what time belt is Arkansas? 8. When your 
school exercises are just bei,'inning at nine o'clock in 
the morning what time is it in New York ? In .San 
Francisco? In Chicago? In Berlin ? InPekin? 

!). What is the average number of people per 
sipiare mile living in .\rkansas? 10. Compare this 
density of population with that of New York ; 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



Oliio; Iowa ; Texas; California. 11. What rea- 
•son can you give to show why the urban population 
increased so much more rapidly than the rural dur- 
ing the time between 1900 and 1910? 12. What is 
the average number of inhabitants per square mile 
in your county ? 13. What counties have the 
gi-eatest density of population? Why? 1-1. What 
counties are most sparsely settled ? 1-). See if you 
can determine why so few of the immigrants from 
foreign countries who have entered the United States 
have come to Arkansas. 16. How do you account 
for the fact that the negroes live almost wholly in 
the lowlands? 

III. History 

Only forty-nine years after the discovery 
of America Arkansas was first entered by 
Discoveries and white men, when the Spanish 
explorations. explorer, De Soto, with his 
band of men crossed the Mississippi near 
the mouth of the White River. In their 
exploring tour they went far into the north- 
west section of the state, turned south, 
crossed the Arkansas River near the present 
site of Dardanelle, and presumably visited 
the Hot Springs region, for we are told that 
they found water of " exceeding hotness," 
wliich proved to be curative in its quality. 
From this point the explorers followed the 
Ouachita into the present state of Louis- 
iana. 

The next white men to visit Arkansas 
were the Frenchmen, Marquette and .foliet, 
in 1673. These men, as they were sailing 
down the Mississippi, searching for its 
mouth, were hailed by a village of Arkan- 
sas Indians at the mouth of the Arkansas 
River. Upon landing they were hospitably 
entertained by the Indians, who answered 
the question that the explorers were seeking 
to prove; that is, that the Mississippi empties 
into the Gulf of Mexico. It was from the 
Arkansas tribe of Indians that the state 
received its name. 

In 1682, La Salle and Tonti, also from 
France, in their first trip to the mouth of 
the Mississippi landed in Arkansas and vis- 
ited the Arkansas Indians. Several other 
companies of French early entered the state, 
and the regions of their explorations can 



be determined by the French names now 
borne by rivers and mountains. 

The first white settlement made within 
the borders of the state was made in 1686 
near the mouth of the Arkan- First 
sas River by Henri de Tonti settlement 
during his second trip down the Mississippi. 

Upon La Salle's discovery of the mouth 
of the Mississippi he claimed the whole 
Mississippi valley fer f ranee Ownership and 
and gave it the name of organization 
Louisiana. At the close of the French and 
Indian War in 1763, France was compelled 
to cede all of Louisiana west of the Missis- 
sippi to Spain. Nearly forty years later 
France again gained ownership, and in 1803 
sold this vast territory to the United States 
for 115,000,000. Until 1812 Arkansas re- 
mained as a part of the Louisiana territory. 
At that time the present state of Louisiana 
was admitted to the Union, and Arkansas 
became a part of the Missouri territory, as 
the land north of Louisiana was then called. 
Seven years later Arkansas became a sepa- 
rate territory. In 1836, Arkansas was 
admitted to the Union. 

Trouble in regard to slavery arose when 
Arkansas applied for admission into the 
Union as a slave state, but period of Civil 
after considerable discussion it War and Re- 
was admitted with the right construction 
to hold slaves. During the political cam- 
paign preceding the presidential election of 
1860 the state was wrought up to a high 
pitch of excitement in discussing the ques- 
tions of secession and loyalty to the Union. 
When the election came the state voted for 
the Breckinridge division of the Democratic 
party, which declared that " Congress is 
bound to protect the rights of all the slave- 
holders in all the territories." After Lin- 
coln was elected and South Carolina seceded, 
a convention was called in Arkansas to 
decide what course of action should be pur- 
sued in regard to secession. A strong 
sentiment in favor of the Union was mani- 
fested throughout the convention, which 
adjourned after having decided to allow the 



ARKANSAS SCPPLEMENT 



people of the state to determine its policy 
hy a public vote. Before tlie time set for 
this election came, war hail broken out, and 
in the call for troops to aid the Union, Lin- 
coln asked Arkansas to furnish her share. 
Uiiiler these conditions the people became 
so aroused that they decided to stand with 
the other Southern states, and so seceded. 
The emancipation proclamation freed 111,- 
2o!t slaves in the state. 

During the Civil War several imjwr- 
tant battles were fought in .\rkansas, and 
Period of Civil ^lie National and Confederate 
War and Re- cemeteries to-day give evidence 
construction „f jj^j. number who sacrificed 
their lives in fighting. In 1870, after having 
been taken possession of by carpet-bag rule, 
the state was recognized once more as a 
part of the Union. 

Sinie the war there has been a great 
Later develop- increase in the population, in 
ment the development of industries, 

and in wealth. 

At least six years before Arkansas be- 
ciune a state, slaveholders were attracted 
by the fertile soil of the river 
valleys, moved into the terri- 
tory with their slaves, and began running 
large cotton plantations. In 1850 there 
were many thousand farms in operation. 
Since the war the plantation system has 
given way largely to the plan of smaller 
farms, with greater diversity of crops. 

It is believed that the first merchandise 
store was at Arkansas Post as early as 
17111. About ten years later a 
merchant of this place opened 
a branch store at Little Rock. At the 
same time Hatesville was reported as a 
prosperous village with a few stores. 

1. Read a full account of l)e Soto's journey 
through Arkansas. 'J. Make a sketch sliowing his 
route. ;!. What difficulties of travel confronted 
him? I. Locate Arkansas Post, the first white 
settlement. 5. Head a good account of De Tonti's 
aiil in tl\e early days. 6. What are some of the 
French names you "find on the map? 7. Kind out 
why the United States was anxious to purchase the 
Loiiisiiuia territory. s. Wlio were .some of the 



Plantations 



Stores 



distinguished .\rkan.sas soldiers in the Civil War? 
9. Head a description of the days of the carpet 
bagger.s. 10. Who are some of the leading men in 
current history ? 

(References: Reynold's Makers of Arkansas 
History and Shinn's History of Arkansa.s.) 

IV. Surface 

A line drawn from the northeast part of 
the state from near Maynard, Randolph 
County, to Texaikana, Miller County, in the 
extreme southwest section divides the state 
into higidands and lowlands. The high- 
lauds are north and west of the line and the 
lowlands are south and east. 

The highlands cover almost one half the 
area of the state. The Ozark Mountains 
proper extend from Missouri xhe Ozark 
over the northern boundary of highlands 
Arkansas and reach as far south as the 
valley of the Arkansas River. They are 
made up of a series of j)lateaus, the general 
surface being hilly, with here and there 
elevations of higher altitude. Just to the 
north of the valley lie the Boston Mountains, 
which arc the highest portion of the Ozark 
area in Arkansas, having an average eleva- 
tion of 1700 feet above sea level. They 
cover a narrow strip of land from north to 
soutii, and extend west from near the central 
part of the state into Oklahoma. The 
views in this region are most picturesque. 
Tiie streams have cut gorges 500 to 1000 
feet deep, which, in contrast to the moun- 
tains towering above them in variety of 
arrangement, produce beautiful scenery 
that makes the highland region an attrac- 
tive one to tourists. 

The portion of the highlands lying just 
south of the Arkansas valley is similar in 
structure to the Ozark region. Highlands 
In this section is .Magazine south of the 
Mountain, whose height is Arkansas 
282;5 feet above sea level. This is the 
highest point between the AUeghanies and 
the Rockies. Near at hand are several 
other elevations of considerable height. 
Instead of ha\ing the scattered arrange- 
ment found nortii of Masrazine Mountain 



ABKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 




ruUrtr.^11 :■/ III- 



Fig. 3. 



the liighlands farther south have more the 
arrangement of narrow ridges whose course 
extends nearly directly east and west. A 
good example of the type is found in the 
Ouachita Mountains, which aie made up of 
a series of ridges. 

The lowlands in the east and 
southeast portions of the state 
have an average elevation of a little more 
than two hundred feet. An unusual sur- 



Lowlands 



face feature in this great lowland area is 
Crowley's Ridge, a narrow elevation rising 
more than one hundred feet above the 
surrounding surface and extending from 
Helena on the [Mississippi River in a gen- 
erally northerly direction until it enters 
Missouri. Along the lower courses of .sev- 
eral of the rivers and along the Mississippi 
River boundary are found low, swampy 
regions. 



AHKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 




Km. 4. — A mi>untaiii stream. 

1. What effect on the climate of the state do the 
liighlands have? 2. Make a free-hand sketch 
of Arkansas and locate on it the Ozark region ; 



the Ouachita Mountains; 
Magazine Mountain; 
Crowley's Kidge. 3. In 
what surface division of 
Arkansas is your county 
located? 4. Name five 
mountains south of the 
Arkansas K i v e r . 

5. What cities are located 
on Crowley's Ridge? 

6. What vahie is there in 
such a location ? 

V. Drainage 

Arkansas is well 
supplied witli rivers, 
Navigable liaviiig 

rivers in ore 

miles of navigable 
rivers than any other 
state in the Union. 
Three of the rivers, 
the Arkansas, the 
White, and tlie St. 
Francis, are navi- 



the Boston Mountains; 



gable throughout the year for a considerable 
distance up their courses. During seasons 
of high water the Bayou Bartholomew, the 
Ouachita, and the Red rivers are also navi- 
gable. 

The Arkansas River rises in Colorado, 
flows through Kansas and Oklahoma, enters 
Arkansas in the northwest xhe Arkansas 
portion of the state, and flows River 
in a southeast direction to the Mississippi. 
Its course through Arkansas is slow, and 
its waters have a muddy appearance because 
they carry great quantities of sediment. 
The settling of the sediment has formed 
several sand bars along the lower course of 
the river. The business men of Little Rock 
are now beginning to realize the possibilities 
in tlie navigation of the Arkansas, and will, 
no doubt, before many years, deepen the 
channel from their city to the Mississippi, 
so that ocean vessels may come with their 
cargoes into the very heart of the state. 

The Arkansas receives many tributaries 
both from the north and the south. The 
most important ones fnnn the nortii are the 




Fio. 5.- 



tourttJ'y "/ J*ro/ei<ttor A. //. Purdue. 
■ A f(Uil on the White River. 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



Mulberry River, the Illinois Bayou, the 
Remove, the Cadron, and the Bayou Meto. 
The leading ones from the south are the 
Jean Petit and the Fourche la Fave. 

The White River rises in Madison County, 
flows northwest through Washington and 
The White Benton counties, then, taking 
River a northeasterly course, it enters 

^Jissouri, and from there returns to the state 
in Boone County, from which place it takes 
a southeasterly course to the ^Mississippi. 
Its waters are clear. With its tributaries, 
many of which are swift streams coming 
from the Boston ^lountains, it drains the 
greater part of the 
Ozark country north of 
tlie Arkansas valley. 
The principal tribu- 
tary froua the south is 
Buffalo Fork. From 
the north it receives 
the Black, the Cache, 
and the Little rivers. 
In White County it is 
entered from the west 
by the Red River. 

There are four other 
drainage basins in the 
Other drain- state: the St. Francis in the 
age basins northeast, the Red, the Oua- 

chita, and the Bayou Bartholomew, all in 
the south. 

The entire course of the Mississippi River 
where it bounds Arkansas, and the lower 
Oxbow curves courses of several of the rivers 
and lakes within the state are character- 

ized by many oxbow curves, so named 
because of their resemblance to the bows 
used in working oxen. These are caused 
by the low velocity of the streams, which 
allows them to be turned aside easily. 
When for any reason a curve is started in a 
bank it keeps growing because the current 
that is directed into it strikes it with suf- 
ficient force to wear away more material 
from the bank. As the current issues from 
the curve it strikes against tlie op^Josite 
bank and develops a curve there. This 











S.'JiF^fk i^^^w^^F'^^Mty^ .isv/^BtSBK 








1^^^ 



Fig. (i. — White River, 



curve results in another, and so on. As 
time goes on, these curves become more and 
more pronounced. FinallJ^ the streams, 
abandoning their longer ways around the 
curves, cut through their banks and make 
a shorter course for themselves. The 
abandoned curves left filled with water be- 
come crescent-shaped lakes. They abound 
in Arkansas. 

In- the northeast part of the state are 
several lakes, wliieh made their first apjjear- 
ance after an earllupuike in 1811. 

Arkansas has more mineral springs than 

any other state in the Union. Tliej- are 

scattered „ . 

, , Springs 

a 1 1 o V e r 

the state and form one 
of its imjjortant natu- 
ral resources. Mam- 
moth Spring, near the 
Missouri boundary, in 
the northeast section of 
tlie state, is the largest 
spring in the world and 
furnishes considerable 
water power. 

After the earthquake 
of 1811 and 1812, great 
land areas in tlie nortlieastern section 
of the state along the ]\lissis- Levees and 
sippi River sunk below their canals 
former levels. For many years after this 
the high waters of the Mississijjpi over- 
flowed the land and were so disastrous to 
farming interests that many of the settlers 
of the district moved elsewhere. The ones 
who remained felt the necessity of forming 
some protection from the floods, so in 1893 
the St. Francis Levee Board was organized. 
As a result, to-day there is an earth embank- 
ment or levee two hundred and seventeen 
miles in length, extending from near Cape 
Girardeau, Missouri, to Helena, Arkansas. 
One hundred seventy miles of the levee is in 
Arkansas. The levees are from six to fif- 
teen feet in height and are forty-eight feet 
in width at the base and eight feet at the 
top. One levee district in Arkansas is 



.1 l:K.\\S.\S SJ^T'I•LE^fF^^T 




\ I CfiOSS 

j WHrTE j I CWIJttDt'i 

1 •! ^- — I, VELL ,'• (er ,.-r-— p^' j ,-,-J 
L — j y PETOv _.— '-v^^ ' '— <■-' ■ — 



! ._! 61- 

SCBASTIAf. ^ 




Isotherms 58^ to 64^ 



Fig. 7. — Mean annual temperature. 



composed of Mississippi. C'littcnilcu. ( r;iij^- 
head, St. Francis, Poinsett, Phillips, Cross, 
and Lee counties. In 1911 twenty-one 
other levee districts had been orojanized. 
The money for construction is obtained 
by levying a tax upon all the lands pro- 
tected by the levees and b^' government 
aid. Serious damage was done to the 
levees, and great loss of property was 
caused by the Mississippi floods in April, 
l!tli\ 

In order to drain the water olX the low- 
lands, drainage districts have been organ- 
ized, wliose business it is to jirovide canals 
to drain tlie water covering the land into 
the St. Francis or some other stream. 
Already many acres have been reclaimed 



by this method, 
but there j'et 
remains a great 
w o r k to be 
done. 

How is land 
protected and re- 
claimed in Hol- 
land? (Pages 277, 
278.) 

1. In what 
drainage basin 
do you live? 
2. How does it 
compare in size 
with other drain- 
age hasius of the 
.state? 3. Where 
are the swift 
streams ? The 
slow? Why? 
4. Take a map of 
the United States 
and trace tlie com- 
plete course of the 
St. Francis River ; 
the Ked River; the 
Ouachita River; 
Bartholomew Ba- 
you. 5. Kxplain 
the formation of 
oxbow 1 a iv e s. 
6. ^Vhat are the 
chief uses of the 
rivers of the state? 
7. What is the value of springs? 8. What is 
the value of niineial .springs? 9. Are there any 
springs near your home? 

VI. Climate and Soil 

On account of the difference in elevation 
in the liighland and lowland areas of the 
state, and because the lowland area is to 
tlie south, there is considerable difference in 
the climate of the two sections. 

The mean annual temperature of the 
nortliern part of the state is 58° Fahren- 
heit, while that of the southern 

. ■ ,.oo rri • i Temperature 

part IS M . 1 lie winters 

throughout the state are usually brief and 
mild. Even in the northern part tlic tlier- 
niometer rarely drops below zero, wliile 



VHUam* Eqctb'Ioi Co., N.Y. 



A KKA.XSAS SrPPLEMEyr 



9 



Rainfall 



toward the soutli a mueli higher tempera- 
ture prevails. During the winter there are 
many bahny days, and in some districts 
roses bloom the year round. The prevail- 
ing winds are from the south, southeast, 
and southwest. Since they come from the 
warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, they 
tend to equalize the temperature. The 
summers are long and hot in the lowlands, 
but in the highlands, where it is unusual 
not to have a good breeze at least from 
early in the evening throughout the night, 
they are pleasant. 

AH sections of the state are well supplied 
with rainfall, which is well distributed 
throughout tlie year. The heaviest annual 
rainfall is 54 inches, in the re- 
gion of the Ouachita IMoun- 
tains. The average annual rainfall is 40 
inches. 

The long summer has a number of ad- 
vantages connected 
with it. It makes pos- 
sible an early maturity 
Climatic of berry 

advantages and vege- 
table crops. This is of 
g-reat value to the state 
because of the higlier 
prices paid for such 
products early in the 
season. Another ad- 
vantage comes from 
the possibility of rais- 
ing two crops on the 
same piece of land in 
a sinsfle season. For 
example, two crops of 
potatoes may be grown, 
or a crop of corn and 
a crop of cow-peas, or a 
crop of winter wheat or 
oats and a crop of cot- 
ton. The long summer 
also makes it possible 
for farm animals to get 
their feed from pasture 
lands except for a 



The 
fuel 



greatest variety of 
the Union, ranging 
in the 
to the 



Soil 



comjjaratively short period of time, 
brief winters lessen the amount of 
needed. 

Arkansas has the 
soils of any state in 
from the limestone 
north and northwest 
black lands in the south and southeast. 
The soil in the highland region has 
little depth, but it possesses those quali- 
ties that make it a great fruit-produc- 
insf area. In great contrast to this soil 
is the deep alluvial soil of the river bot- 
toms, which is from three to forty feet 
in depth. It is unexcelled in its fertility. 

1. What is meaut by mean annual temperature? 
2. What is the mean annual temperature of j'our 
part of the state ? 3. What is the mean annual tem- 
perature of Little Rock ? Fort Smith ? 4. How do 
you account for tlieir difference in temperature ? 
.5. What is the averaare annual rainfall of your 




38 to 40 40 to 45 45 to 50 50 to 54 



Valiam. Eufra.lDB Cn., N. V. 



Fig. 8. — Mean annual rainfall. 



10 



A UK A ySA S S UPI'LEMEy T 



part of the state? 6. Compare it with otlier 
parts of the state. 7. (Tiini to the map opposite 
page 21 1.) Compare the rainfall of your part of the 
state witli that of the states that bonier Arkansas. 
8. Which .sections of the United States liave lighter 




Forests 



Fio. '.'. — Forest inap. 

rainfall than yonr .section? ;». Wliicli ones liave 
lieavier? 10. Wliat reasons are tliere for the 
difference? 11. (Turn to maps on pages 22."> 
and 2jn.) What countries in the world liave the 
same temjierature as .\rkaiisas in Januarv? July? 
I'J. (Page 2'J4.) Compare the .Taiuiary temperature 



of Arkansas ^yith tliat of Washington and Oregon. 

13. What are the reasons for the facts you notice? 

14. Compare the July temperature of Arkansas and 
Colorado ; Arkansas and Oregon ; Arkansas and 
New Mexico. 

VII. Plants and 
Animals 

Arkansas, by its di- 
versity of surface fea- 
tures and soil, its mild 
climate, and plcntifid 
and well-distributed 
rainfall, is well fitted for 
tlie growth of varied and 
valuable species of plant 
life. 

Originally, with the 
exception of about nine 
h u n d r e d 
acres of 

prairie land, the state 
was covered by an almost 
unbroken forest. At 
present 72 per cent of 
tiie area is woodland and 
forest . Tlie alluvial s( >il 
along the river bottoms 
produces many varieties 
of valual)le trees. On 
the lowest land areas, 
whicli are covered by 
water most of the year, 
are found cypress and 
tupelo gum trees. 
AVhere the land is above 
water most of the 3'ear, 
llie red, or sweet gum, 
oak, ivsh, Cottonwood, 
hickory, sj'camore, mul- 
berry, and elm abound. 

On tlie rolling v\\)- 
lands lying between the 
alluvial bottom landsand 

the Ozark region are found the short leaf 

pine, the loblolly pine, oaks, hickories, and 

maples. 

In the Ozarks, the greater elevations 

where the soil is thin and rocky produce only 



ABKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



11 



small, scrubby trees, most of wliicli are oak, 
elm, and hickory. On the lower slopes there 
is a good grade of timber, made up chiefly 
of the oak, gum, walnut, and ash. South 
of the Arkansas River the short leaf pine is 
a verj' important tree. 

In all, one hundred twenty-nine species 
of native tree growth have been recognized 
in Ai'kansas, lialf of which are of commer- 
cial importance. In the forests there is 
usually a thick growth of coarse grass, cane, 
grapevines, and ivy. 

In order that a part of the vast forest area 
of the state might be conserved, the govern- 
National ment has created two national 

forests forests — the Ozark, north of 

the Arkansas River, 
containing 1.52(3,481 
acres situated in Craw- 
ford, \ Washington, 
Johnson, Newton, 
Pope, Van Buren, 
Couway, Searcy, Mar- 
ion, Baxter, Stone, 
Cleburne, and Frank- 
lin counties, and the 
Arkansas, south of 
the river, containing 

1,663,300 acres in Sebastian, Scott, Logan, 
Yell, Periv, Saline, Gailand, JMontgomery, 
Pike, Polk, and Howard counties. 

Very generally wild grass is found grow- 
ing over the hills in sufficient quantity to 
furnish good pasturage for a 
large part of the year. 
Tiie animal life of the state is found 
largely in the wooded sections. Only a few 
of the deer that were once so 
plentiful are now to be found. 
Raccoons, opossums, minks, rabbits, and 
squirrels abound. Occasionally a black 
bear is seen. Among the birds the quail is 
abundant, and the wild turkey is found in 
lesser numbers. Great numbers of wild 
geese and ducks remain during the entire 
winter along the Mississippi lowlands. 

The river courses abound in fish, such 
as the buffalo, catfish, black bass, crappies. 



Agriculture 




Fit-:. 10. — Picking; cotton near Helena 



Animals 



drum, liream, and German carp. These 

are named in order of their 

Fish 
importance. 

1. AVhat varieties of trees are most common in 
your part of the state? 2. What day is named by 
the state as Arbor Day? 3. Since wooded areas 
are so abundant in the state, what need do you see 
for having an Arbor Day? 4. How does your 
scliool celel>rate Arbor Day ? 5. What is tlie state 
law regarding the shooting of quails ? 6. Is it a 
good law? Why? 7. What kinds of fish are 
caught near yoiu' home? 

VIII. Industries 

The leading industry is agriculture. In 

1860 the farm area included 28.2 per cent of 

the land surface of the state, 

but, in 

1910, 52 per cent was 
included. Tlie in- 
crease in agricultural 
lines from 1900 to 1910 
is very striking. Farm 
property, which in- 
cludes land, buildings, 
macliinery, imjiile- 
meiits, and livestock, 
increased 120.5 per 
cent. The land alone 
increased 131.1 per cent. 

That the suitability of Arkansas for the 
production of cotton was early recognized 
is seen from the fact that cot- 
ton was received at the port 
of New Orleans from Arkansas Post as 
early as 1746. It is now tlie crop of 
greatest value in the state, its jaroduct in 
1910 amounting to more than one and one 
third as much as all the other cro]« reported. 
Its value to the state is about f 55,000,000 
per j'ear. This makes Arkansas seventh in 
rank among the cotton-producing states. 
Cotton is raised both in the uj^lands and 
the lowlands, but the most productive areas 
are tlie alluvial Ijottoms along the ]\Iis- 
sissippi and the lower courses of the Arkan- 
sas and While rivers. Jefferson County 
holds first rank as a cotton-producing 
county. 



1. Cotton 



1: 



AUhAySAS HLI-l'LEMEyr 



111 acreage cotton is exceeded sliglilly hy 

corn, wliicli ranks as tlie crop second in 

value. Its production in lUlO 

"^ amounted to ¥ 27,!llO,OU(t. 

which was slightly more than one lialf of 
the value of the cotton cn)p. Among other 
states Arkansas ranks twelfth in corn pro- 
duction, 'llie temperature, rainfall, climate, 
and soil arc all well a(hiptcd to curn raising. 
Heretofore so much attention has been 
given to cotldii tiiat the possibilities of corn 
raising have largely esca]ied tlie notice of 
the people. .Just 
as cotton c;in be 
best pnjduccd in 
the lowlands, so 
corn thrives best 
there, though good 
average yields may 
be produced in (he 
uplands. There 
have been nnnicr- 
ous yields of one 
hundred bushels 
per acre in the 
state, and in a 
number of instan- 
ces the yield has 

been greater. Almost the entire corn prt)- 
duction is kept within the state and is used 
in fattening hogs and cattle. Corn now 
represents almost UO per cent of the value 
of cereals in Arkansas. 

Arkansas ranks third in the Union in the 

production of rice. South Carolina and 

Louisiana holdincj first and 
3 Rice , , - . , 

second place resjjcctively. 

Only witliin very recent years lias Arkansas 
attempted to develop the rice industry. 
Tiie work began in Lonoke County, but has 
now spread into a number of counties in 
the same part of tiie state. This region 
po.ssesses tlie requisites to successful rice 
culture. It is an area of level land, which 
permits irrigati< in; it is sloping in its nature 
which makes drainage easy; it has an abun- 
dance of water for irrigation: and, under- 
neath the upper soil, it has a tight clay soil 




l"n;. U. — A rice field in Wahk-iilmi-i; <liiriiii; llit* imiiiiiinj; seas 



which prevents a great amount of the seep- 
age of the water. In 1910 irrigation 
projects had been carried far enough to 
supply water to nearly .iO,000 acres of 
land, and other projects were in process 
of construction. 

The idea that rice can prosper only in 
swampy or marshy lands prevails quite 
generalh". A <lescription of its cultivation 
on the prairie lands of Arkansas readily 
proves the falsity of the view. It is true 
that rice demands a considerable quantity 

of water for suc- 
cessful cultivation, 
so the first thing 
the rice farmer 
needs to do is t" 
prepare to furnish 
a good sujiply of 
water. This is us- 
ually secured from 
wells, whicli are 
drilled on tlie high- 
est point of the 
land area that is 
to lie irrigated. 
.V pump run by an 
engine is installed, 
and a small reservoir only a few feet in 
depth is built to receive tlie water as it 
comes from tlie jiump. Usually one jiump 
does not sujiply water for more than one 
hundred and sixty acres of land. Around 
this field an earth embankment is thrown 
up by means of a plow. The preparation of 
the land for receiving the seed consists in a 
plowing and harrowing similar to that done 
for wheat. To provide for holding the water 
on the field, at each successive fall of four 
inches of slope from the pump, levees are 
constructed across the field by means of 
plowing two furrows, the earth from which 
falls iiack to back. Then a ditch is made, 
which extends from the reservoir across tlie 
field at light angles to the levees. The seed 
is planted lietween the middle of April and 
the middle of May, either by broadcast sow- 
ing or bv diill. The irrigation usually 



A UK A NSA S S UPPLEMENT 



13 










Fig. 12. — Rice field in Httittgai-t. 



begins early, wlien the rice is five or six 
inciies liigh. A little mound of earth is 
thrown across the ditch at its intersection 
with the levee nearest the pump, and water 
is allowed to run into this first area until 
the ground is well covered. Then the ob- 
struction in the ditch is removed to the 
second levee, and so on in turn, until the 
whole field has been well soaked. After 
this the pumping is regulated so that only a 
sufficient quantity of water to supply the 
waste by seepage and evaporation is sup- 
plied. 

The rice grows from three to six feet 
high, and its harvesting is similar to that of 
wheat. Before harvest all the water sup- 
ply is cut off and the ditch is 
given an opening through the 
embankment surrounding the 
field, so that all the water may 
be drained off. In a few days 
the ground is dry enough to sup- 
port the rice harvester, which 
cuts the grain and binils it into 
sheaves, which are either made 
up into shocks in the field or 
hauled directly to the thresher. 
After threshing, the rice is 
taken to the rice mills, where 
the hard outer husk is removed 
and the grain polished. 

The Arkansas rice is of hitjh 



quality, there being no better jjroduced. 
There are good rice mills at Lonoke, Car- 
lisle, and Wheatley. 

Oats, wheat, and rye are grown in many 
sections of the uplands, and 4 other 
prove to be profitable crops. cereals 

Arkansas is famed throughout our country 
and abroad for the amount and the excellent 
varieties of fruit produced. 
Of these fruits the apple is 
the most important. This crop flourishes 
best in the highlands of the northwestern 
part of the state, but it receives considerable 
attention in the lowlands also. Washing- 
ton and Benton counties have immense 
apple orchards containing more apple trees 



5. Fruit 




Fig. 1^>. — An Arkansas apple orcliard. 



14 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



than any other two counties in the United 
States. They have the record of producing 
the finest apples, also. 

Tiie apple trees for good cultivation are 
set about thirty feet apart, averaging forty- 
eight to fifty per acre. Under fair treat- 
ment a tree of eiglit or ten years of age will 
produce from six to ten bushels per year. 

Some of tlie famous winter varieties are 
the Jonathan, Cirimes, Winesap. Arkansas, 




Kio. 14. — Barreling pears. 

Black Ben, Collins Red, and York Imperial. 
Leading summer varieties are the Maiden's 
Blush, Summer Champion, Buckingliam, 
Horse, Red June, and Early Harvest. 
Arkansas has won many prizes for apples 
shown at expositions from one coast of our 
country to the other. 

One of the most profitable lines of busi- 
ness in the state is that of raising peaches. 
Tlie peach belt covers nearly half of the 
state, and includes tiie land above the low- 
lands and below 1000 feet in height. Both 
soil and climate are adapted to producing 
the highest qualit}' and color. Crawford, 



Sevier, Pike, and other counties have made 
wonderful success in peach growing. At 
the time the peaches in this region ripen, 
there is an excellent market for the fruit, 
because the peaches of the northern orchards 
are not tiien mature. 

Tlie peach trees are planted twenty to 
twenty-five feet apart, averaging one hun- 
dred to one hundred ten per acre. In good 
years each tree produces three crates, each 
of which brings from 
one dollar to a dollar 
and fifteen cents. Some 
crates of exceptional 
quality bring as much 
as four dollars. When 
rightly cared for, peacii 
orchards bear about 
seven crops in ten years. 
The Elberta peach, 
which now includes 
about 90 per cent of the 
plantings, is excellent. 
However, experiments 
in horticulture are show- 
ing that more hardy va- 
rieties will prove of 
greater commercial 
value, so other kinds of 
trees are being planted 
rapidly. Chief among 
them are the lielle of 
Georgia, Emma, Mamie, 
Ross, Carmen, Wonder- 
ful, Solway. and Mammoth Wliite Heath. 

At Horatio in Sevier County is the largest 
fruit farm in the world, containing 8800 
acres of peacli trees. The next largest 
fruit farm contains 2300 acres and is in 
Pike County. 

The hill county along the White River is 
excellent for pear cultui'e, and considerable 
attention is paid to this indus- 
try, but as yet it has not begun 
to approach the importance of the apple 
and jieach crops. Tiie Keifer and Garber 
varieties are found to be best adapted to 
the state. 



Pears 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



15 



The Agriculture Experiment Station at 
Fayetteville reports after investigation that 
Need of scien- at least one third of the apple 
tific care of and pear crops are destroyed 
fruit trees annually by diseases and in- 

sects. Practically the same thing is true 
of our neighboring states, but scientific 
investigation shows that there are methods 
of work that will prevent this loss. Per- 
haps the greatest loss is caused by the cod- 
ling moth, from which comes the apple 
worm. The worm, as a 
full-grown larva, passes 
the winter in a cocoon. 
It hatches out early in 
the spring as a moth, 
and soon after begins 
laying eggs on the leaves 
of the fruit trees. From 
these eggs come little 
larvaj which enter the 
newly forming fruit, 
where the worms de- 
velop largely in the core 
of the fruit. The worms 
that are hatched from 
the second and third 
broods of moths make 
their appearance respec- 
tively late in June and 
July and in the two fol- 
lowing months. These 
worms enter the fruit by 
working a hole through 
these worms usually eat 



proper treatment at no great expense to the 
owner. 

The value fruit brings in the market is 
determined in part by the way in which it 
is picked and packed. The Q^tiiering, 
picking of apples, peaches, packing, and 
pears, and such fruit must marketing 
be done by handling each piece ^^^^^ 
of fruit separately and carefully to prevent 
bruises. Usually the packing house is in 
the orchard from which the fruit is taken. 




Fig. 15. — Packing apples in norlliwest Arkansas. 



the side. Since 
a little from the 
leaves before entering the fruit, they can be 
killed easily if the proper kind of spray has 
been used on the trees. 

The next great pest of the fruit trees is 
the San Jose scale, which injures not the 
fruit alone, as does the codling moth, but 
the tree itself. It is now found scattered 
throuEfh various sections of the state and 
needs prompt attention. The scale is a 
small insect which lives on the bark of fruit 
trees and multiplies very rapidly. Unless 
a tree is in the last stages of the trouble 
caused by this pest, it can be saved by 



or not far away. Each year more atten- 
tion is being paid to the grading of the 
fruit before it is packed. The first grade 
must reach a high degree of perfection, the 
second grade is not quite so good, the third 
grade lacks some of the qualities possessed 
by the second, while the culls are of such 
nature that they are not shipped out of the 
locality in which they are grown, though 
they may be suitable for home use. 

Through cooperative methods among 
fruit growers who have formed an associa- 
tion among themselves, better prices are 
being secured and better markets found 
than has ever been done when each Individ- 



16 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 




Fii;. W. 



A clu'iTv tree. 



ual crrower was dependent u[»)ii himself for 
selling liis fruit. 

1. Wliat other orclianl iliseases do you know of? 
Are any of them fouml in lliu orchards of your 
neighborhood? If 
you wish to know 
just what treatment 
should be given trees 
to save them and 
their frail from these 
pests, write to tin- 
Arkansas Agricul- 
ture Experiment Sta- 
tion at Fayt'ttevillH, 
from which you can 
obtain luilletin.s frc. 
of charge that will 




answer 
tions. 



your ques- 



Fit;. 17. — Pickiiii; strawberries in northwe.-^l .Vrkaiisas. 



In the northwest part of the state are 
some large cherry orchards bearing a fine 
Cherries and quality of fruit. Many wild 
grapes grapes of excellent flavor are 

found in the forest regions of the state, 
where the vines are found clinging to high 
trees. The cultivated grapes are receiving 
iiiore attention each year, and as they 
prosper best on hill slopes or in sheltered 
valleys, many vineyards are now cultivated 
in the liighlaiid region of west and north- 
west Arkansas. Some of tlie grapes, when 
fresh, are put on the market, while others 
are used in making wine. 

Strawberries rank as the most important 
of the berry crops of Arkansas. They are 



grown in every county of the state for home 
use, and at least thirty-five counties produce 

them for the market. They „ . 

, . • Berries 

make a crop or great com- 
mercial importance. The berries are of 
large size and excellent flavor, and ripen at 
a time when there is great demand for them. 
They are a quick crop, maturing early in 
the spring, and so allowing the farmer to 
devote his main time to other lines of work. 
They yield a profit of from -$100 to $Sm 
per acre. Some of the largest berry farms 
in tlie United States are in the neighbor- 
hood of \'nn Buren, Crawford County. 
This city alone has shipped as many as 
seven hundred fifty carloads in one .season. 
They are shipped to Kansas City, Denver, 
St. Louis, Chicago, and other northern 
markets. During the berry-picking season, 

berry pickers in 
great numbers, in 
their covered 
wagons, follow 
the ripening of 
the berries from 
tlie south part 
I if the state to 
the mu-th. They 
make their homes 
ill their wagons 
and tents while 
the season con- 
tinues. Hlackl)erries and raspberries thrive 
well when cultivated, but as yet are not 
receiving the attention paid the strawberry. 
Watermelons and cantaloupes are not tobe 
overlooked wiien considering the profitaijle 




l-l.^ IS. 



riliwest .\rkaiisas. 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



17 



Melons 



Vegetables 



crops of the state. They grow luxuriously 
ill tlie sandy soil of the fruit region and find 
a ready sale in the northern 
markets. The cantaloupes are 
to be commended for their especially tine 
flavor. 

Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, and yams 
make the most important vegetable crops. 
During the last twenty years 
the Irish potatoes have more 
than doubled in acreage, over 2,000,000 
busiiels being raised in 1910. Duiing the 
same year sweet potatoes and yams yielded 
over a million and a half bushels. 

Pecans, walnuts, and 
chestnuts have attained 

considerable 
Nuts , 

value commer- 
cially, and their cultivation 
is now lieginning to receive 
additional attention. 

Hay and forage crops, 
made up of timothy, clover, 
Hay and alfalfa, millet, 

forage wild or prairie 

grasses, grains cut green, 
and coarse forage, are scat- 
tered all over the state, and 
amount in value to almost 
$5,000,000 per year. 



1. Ill what other states is cot- 
ton the leading crop? (See page 
18-t.) 2. Where are the other 
cotton-producing sections of the 
world? (Page 405.) 3. What 
is tlie rank of the United States 
compared with other cotton- 
producing areas? (Page 40.5.) 
4. Describe tlie method of raising and market- 
ing cotton. (See page 75.) 5. Wliat other 
states liave corn as one of their most important 
products of the soil? (Pages 1S2. 1«3.) 6. Where 
are the chief rice sections of the world ? ( Page 403.) 
7. Describe the method of raising and marketing 
rice. (Page 77.) 8. ^Vhat are the conditions 
that qualify Arkansas so admirably for a fruit state? 

9. What kinds of fruit are raised near your home? 

10. Describe the planting of an apple orchard and 
tell how it is cared for. 11. How are apples and 
peaches prepared for shipping ? 12. Describe the 



picking and packing of strawberries on a large 
farm. 

Lumbering is a very important industr}'. 

In 1910 Arkansas ranked tifth in the Union 

in production and quantity of , ^ . 
, , T^- 1 Lumbering 

lumber cut. l^irst rank was 

held in the cut of red gum, ash, and cotton- 
wood, the state furnishing one third of the 
total amount of red gum of the entire 
country and one fourth of the eottonwood. 
Second rank was held in hickory, third in 
cypress, and fourth in pine, oak, and S3'ca- 
more. 

The lumber industry has been developed 



5» 


, l^' ; , :^^^I^^'M 








&^?^^4i^-^>''^mm 


pi.^';-:- 


■^^^c-'^-^'^'l' ■ ■■■' ? ■ 





Fig. 19. — Clover fieM, Kectiir. 

largely since 1880. In that year 173 
million feet B.M. were cut, and in 1910 the 
amount had increased to 2250 million feet 
B.^I. There are now more tlian two 
thousand sawmills in the state. Two of 
the Lxrgest sawmills in the world are at 
Stamps and Crossett. Other great centers 
are Fourche, Pine Bluff, Huttig, Malvern, 
and Millville. 

Many different kinds of minerals are 



18 



AliKAXSAS !<VPPLEMEST 




Mining 



1. Coal 



> lo. 'M. — Logs awaiting shipment. 

found in Arkansas, but as yet they have 
been but little developed on 
account of lack of transporta- 
tion facilities and coal. 

Coal is mined in the Arkansas valley 
from Russellville west to the Oklahoma 
boundary. At present over 
one hundred coal mines are in 
operation. Most of them produce bitu- 
minous coal, but botli anthracite and semi- 
antiiracite occur in considerable quantities. 
Nortli of the Boston Mountains are found 
many outcroppinafs 
of a thin coal vein, 
which is mined by 
Wasliinsjton, iNIadi- 
s o n , and Newton 
counties for local use. 
The output amounts 
annually to more than 
2,000,000 tons. 

Zinc is found in con- 
siderable quantities 

scattered 
2. Zinc ,, 

over the 

two nortiiern tiers 

of counties, chieflv 



in Newton, Boone, 
Marion, Searcy, Bax- 
ter, Izard, Sharp, 
and Lawrence coun- 
ties. Along with 
the zinc some lead 
occurs. Mining 
has been developed 
more in Marion 
County than in any 
other. 

Bauxite, whicii is 
the principal ore of 

alunii- 3. Other prod- 

num, is "cts 
found in large quan- 
tities in Pulaski and 
Saline counties. 
Over one half of all 
the aluminum used 
in the I'nited States 
comes from this district. Georgia and Ala- 
bama have the only other known bauxite 
beds in America, and as there is a growing 
demand for aluminum, the bauxite deposit 
is a valuable asset for Arkansas. 

Limestone, which is well suited for build- 
ing purposes, is found in much the same 
section as the zinc of the state. Only in 
Independence and Carrol counties is the 
limestone quarried for the market. Mar- 
bles of various beautiful colors are well 
scattered through the northern part of the 




Fui. 21. — Makiiij; bricks in iicirtluvest .\rkausas. 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



19 



state. There is but one large quarry uow 
in operation for commercial purposes. It 
is located near Batesville, Independence 
County, and from it was taken a great deal 
of marble to aid in the construction of the 
capitol building at Little Rock. There are 
several otlier quarries for local use. Sand- 
stone suitable for building purposes is found 
in a number of places in the highland 
I'egion . 

An abundance of clay of many varieties 
occurs in the state. It is fitted for the 
manufacture of all kinds of articles from 
cheap brick and tile to fine china. The 
best deposits are found in Pulaski, Sharp, 
Nevada, Lee, Pike, Saline, Dallas, and Gar- 
land counties. A field of kaolin occurs in 
the south part of the state, chiefly in Pike 
County. A few mines have been opened up, 
but little mining has been done as yet. 
These mines produce an excellent quality 
of kaolin, which is exported to China, 
Japan, and other Eastern countries, where 
it is make into fine china. 

Valuable deposits of fuller's earth, used 
largely in clarif3-iug oils, occur in Pike, 
Saline, and Montgomery counties. 

Whetstone rock of splendid quality is 
distributed over the Ouachita Mountain 
region west of Hot Springs. The different 
grades found fit some for sharpening coarse 
instruments and some for fine. Jewelers 
and dentists use the stone in powdered 
form. The chief quarries are near Hot 
Springs. 

Phosphate rock, which is a good ferti- 
lizer, is found in the north and northwest 
sections of the state. Independence County 
has a mine in constant operation. Sharp 
County has developed its deposit to some 
extent. 

Manufactures did not make much head- 
way until after the War, although as early 

as 1811 there was a salt factorv 
Manufactures , r>, i , . r>i ^ r^ 

at Blakeleyton, Clark County, 

on the banks of the Ouachita River, where 

the Indians had for years obtained salt and 

prepared it for use. In 1842 a cap and hat 



factory was established at Little Rock, and 
a few years later a brewery at the same 
place was reported as making beer and ale 
of excellent qualit)\ Throughout the 
years manufacturing has developed slowly, 
although recent years have seen a decided 
advance, especially in wood manufactures. 
Because of the nature of the products 
manufactured, individual ownership of 
manufactures prevails largely. 

The manufacturing industry is developing 
rapidly in the state, as may be seen from 
the following figures. From 1904 to 1909 
the number of manufacturing establishments 
increased 52 per cent ; the capital invested 
51 per cent ; the cost of material used 60 
per cent ; the number of salaried officials 
and clerks, 41 per cent ; and the average 
number of wage earners, 36 per cent. 

By far the most important manufacturing 
industry of the state is that of lumber. 
One very important line of i, prom 
work carried on in many parts iotest products 
of the state is that of stave making, Para- 
gould, in Greene County, having the largest 
stave factory in the world. Spokes, handles, 
hoops, shingles, barrel heads, furniture, 
wagons, and farming implements are among 
the useful products made from lumber. 
The largest oar factory in the world is at 
Du Vall's Bluff. It supplies oars for the 
British navy. Each year the lumber manu- 
factures of the state amount to over 
82.5,000,000. 

Other leading lines of manufactures are 
cottonseed oil and cake, flour, and meal. 
Little Rock, Fort Smith, and 2. From 
Pine Bluff have the largest farm products 
mills for the manufacture of these products, 
but there are man}- other mills in smaller 
towns and cities, in the neighborhood of 
which the cereals and cotton are grown. 

In the fruit district of the state are many 
canning factories, the most up-to-date one 
being at Prairie Grove, Washington County. 
This is a $10,000 plant, running twenty 
peelers worked by gasoline engines. 
Another important line of work in eon- 



20 



ARKAySAS SVPPLEMKyT 



nection with fruit is the evapuniting of 
apples. Springthile, Washington County, is 
a leading center in tiiis work, j)i-oducing 
about 4000 pounds per day. About 

$1,000,000 of evaporated apj^les are 
produced annually. Bentonville, Rogers, 
and Siloam Springs, all in Benton County, 
are leaders in the manufacture of apple 
cider vinegar. The factory at Rogers has 
the capacity of turning out about 15,000 
gallons per day. Bentonville has the larg- 
est apple brandy distillery in the world. 
Grape wine is manufactured in consider- 
able quantities at Tontitown, Washington 



subjected to heat in order to make the oil 
more iluid and to drive off any water that 
may be in the mi.xture. The next machine 
is tlie " former, " which shapes the kernels 
into cakes, wliich are wrapped in cloth and 
then subjected to a heavy pressure which 
drives out the oil. When the cakes of the 
material from which the oil has been taken 
become dry they are put into a machine 
that breaks them into suitable pieces to 
enter a mill that grinds them into meal. 

The greater part of the cottonseed oil is 
made into substitutes for lard, and salad 
and cooking oils. In manv wavs, such as 




A liiii' lol uf .Viiiiii;; Ucii,-loi>l cattle, .Stock Funu I'hil Kciiicli. Sltittxart. 



County, and Altus, I'ranklin County. At 
Altus several splendid varieties of wine 
have been developed. 

Tlie cotton seed as it conies from the gin 
is covered by a line lint, wliich is removed 
Cottonseed by passing the seeds through 
products ;| niacliine made especially for 

tliis purpose. Tiie lint thus obtained is 
used for making cotton batting. The next 
process is the breaking of the hulls from 
the kernel, which is done by 'a niacliine 
called a sheller. After leaving the sheller 
a winnowing machine separates the kernels 
from the liulls. Tlie kernels are then 
crushed liy big roHers, put into kettles, and 



in the packing of canned fish and medical 
prejiarations. it is used as a substitute for 
olive oil. Another important use is that of 
a liil)rieaiit. 

Cottonseed meal mixed with other 
material containing a good supply of 
carbohydrates makes an excellent food for 
livestock. It is also a good fertilizer. 
Cottonseed hulls are often u.sed as a sub- 
stitiit(! for hay. 

The lishiiig iiidiislry is pmsiu'd along the 
Mississipjii, .\rkansas. White. St. I'rancis, 
Ouachita, Black, and Cache 



rivers and in Big Lake, Mis- 



Fishing 



sissip[ii County. The leading kinds of hsh 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



21 



have been named under animal life. The an- 
nual output of all fisheries is valued at more 
than 1200,000. Mussels, shells, pearls, and 
slugs make up about one third of the 
total value of the fisheries. The pearls, 
which are beautiful in appearance and ex- 
cellent in quality, are found largely in the 
White and Black rivers. Pearl centers are 
at Newport, Augusta, Ues Arc, and St. 
Charles. The pearling season is eight or 
teu weeks long. White River leads in tlie 
value of fisheries. Over one half of its 
output is made up of mussels. The St. 
Francis River holds second rank, Big Lake 
third, and Arkansas River fourth. 

Arkansas is well adapted to livestock 
raising because of its mild climate, the ease 
Stock raising with which forage crops are 
and dairying raised, and its production of 
corn. Its cottonseed meal is also an ex- 
cellent food for livestock. Mules, h(_)rses, 
cattle, and hogs are raised in considerable 
numbers. 

Rapid growth is now being made in dairy- 
ing. The farms are beginning to be stocked 
with good breeds of cattle for dairying, and 
numbers of creameries are being estab- 
lished. 

1. Compare the lumbering in Arkansas with that 
of N"ew England (pages 34, 73) ; with that of the 
Northwest (page 125). 2. Describe a sawmill if you 
have visited one. 3. Describe the work inside a 
lumber manufacturing plant if you have visited one. 

4. Why is there so great ,i demand for products 
from Arkan.sas lumber in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Ne- 
braska, and other states of the Mississippi valley? 

5. Give as many uses as you can for lumber. 
0. Where are the great coal -producing states 
(page 189)? 7. For what is bauxite used? 8. What 
industries resultant from fruit raising are developed 
in the fruit district ? 9. Of what advantage is it 
to Arkansas to be able to ship a great many of her 
products by water? 10. With the great abundance 
of cotton in the state, what has kept Arkansas from 
developing cotton manufactures? 11. Where are 
the great cotton factories of the United States? Of 
the South (page 82)? 12. What railroads are in 
your part of the state? 13. What is iuiported by 
them largely? Exported? 14. Compare the Ar- 
kansas railway mileage with that of other states 
(page 193). 1.5. Is there a d.airy near your 
home? 



IX. Commerce 

The best means of transportation in the 
early days of Arkansas was the steamboat. 
As early as 1820 one arrived at Kansas Post, 
and two years later one made its way up 
the Arkansas River to Fort Smith. In 
1828, the fii-st steamboat to ply the Arkan- 
sas River regularly made a trip to Little 
Rock. Shortl}^ after this, regular trips 
were made on Wliite River. 

Since many parts of the state could not 
be reached by river transportation the con- 
struction of highways became a necessity. 
The first highway of importance was made 
from Memphis to Fort Smitli by way of 
Little Rock in 1823, and by the middle of 
the century Fort Smith had become the chief 
center from which supplies were distributed 
to western forts. Many other roads fol- 
lowed this and were used for years by stage 
coaches as well as by private conveyances. 
As the years have passed by, very little at- 
tention has been given to the improvement 
of i^ublic roads, so that they are now, on tlie 
whole, in bad condition. Interest is now 
being awakened in the matter, and it is 
hoped that in the near future definite steps 
will be taken to furnish good roads through- 
out the state. 

Not until 1853 was any surveying done 
for tlie building of railroads, and not until 
five years later was tlie first line laid. This 
consisted of a part of the track planned to 
connect Memphis and Little Rock. Soon 
after this the Civil War broke out and all 
further construction was delayed until after 
its close. By 1872 trains were running 
from St. Louis to Little Rock on the road 
now known as the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, 
and Southern. By 1874 the road had been 
continued to Texarkana. About the same 
time tlie Little Rock and Fort Smith Rail- 
road began. By 1876 it was extended to 
Arkansas City by way of Pine Bluff. This 
road was also later absorbed by tlie Iron 
Mountain, and a new line was built west 
from Arkansas City. At the present time 



22 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



there are about tliree thousand miles of 
railroads in the state and other lines are in 
construction. 

The St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and 
Southern Railroad Company now controls 
several important lines in the state. From 
St. Louis the line built in early times entei-s 
the northeast part of the state iu Clay 
County and cuts diagonally across the state 
to Texarkana in the southwest. Another 
impoi'tant line leaves the original line at 
Knobcl in Clay County, continues near the 
eastern boundary of the state throughout its 
entire lengtli, and enters Louisiana at the 
south. A tliird important line is one that 
was constructed soon after the War from 
Fort Smith to Arkansas City. Still another 
important line extends from Newport 
northwest and enters Missouri from Boone 
County. Several other important east and 
west branches are under the conti-ol of the 
same coiui)any. By the Iron Mountain 
lines excellent connections are made with 
St. Louis, Memphis, New Orleans, Galves- 
ton, Kansas City, Omaha, Denver, Salt 
Lake, and Pacific ports. 

Another system of roads known as the St. 
Louis Southwestern, or Cotton Belt Lines, 
enters the northeast part of the state in Clay 
County a few miles east of the Iron Moun- 
tain Road and extends southwest to Texar- 
kana by way' of Pine Bluff. Side lines run to 
Blytheville, Memphis, Little Rock, and other 
cities. By this system good connections are 
made with the South and Southeast. 

The St. Louis and San Francisco Railway 
Company has two main lines and several 
branches in Arkansas. One of the main 
lines enters the state from the north in Ben- 
ton County, and runs south to Fort Smith, 
fi'om which place it enters Oklahoma. The 
other main line enters Fulton County from 
the north and extends southeast to ^lemphis. 
Good transportation is afforded by the Frisco, 
as its lines extend over Texas, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, Alabama, Oklalioma, Kansas, 
Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, and connec- 
tions throughout our country are good. 



The Rock Island Railway Companj' also 
controls two important lines and several 
branch lines. One of the important lines 
is an east and west road extending from 
^Memphis via Mansfield, a few miles soutli 
of Fort Smith, into Oklahoma. The other 
is a north and south line running from 
Little Rock into Louisiana. By the Rock 
Island lines in other states and their con- 
nections, excellent transportation is afforded 
to Chicago, the Northwest, the West, and 
the Southwest. 

An important line on the west is the 
Kansas City Soutliern, which enters the 
state in the extreme northwest of Benton 
County, passes from that county into Okla- 
homa, again enters Arkansas in Ouachita 
County, and extends south into Louisiana 
by way of Texarkana. Branch lines run 
to Fort Smith and Waldron. 

The railway mileage of the state increased 
from 859 miles in 1880 to 5034 miles in 
1910. TJie Frisco, Rock Island, Iron 
Mountain, and Cotton Belt with branch 
roads supply every county in the state 
except one with rail transportation. These 
lines give Arkansas connection witli the 
north, south, and southwest markets. The 
fruit crops of the state find their readiest 
markets in Texas and in the northern and 
northeastern states. The lumber supplies 
are in great demand throughout the Mis- 
sissippi valley to points in which most of 
them are shipped, but some products are 
marketed in the eastern states. 

In addition to the railroads the rivers 
supply 3500 miles of navigable waterways 
for steamboats. Large quantities of cotton, 
lumber, coal, stone, and products of the 
slate are shipped to their destinations by 
these waterways and their connections. 

X. Cities 

Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas and 
the county seat of Pulaski County, is the 
chief city and the commercial 
and industrial metropolis of the 
state. More than two hundred thousand 



A RKA NSA S S UPPLEMENT 



23 




i niUiiP 



i§-«^-:_>iil 




a- ---^agtwa-. 



Fig. 23. — State Capitol, Little Rock. 



bales of cotton are brought into Little Rock 
anniially. During the past ten years it has 
advanced in the volume of business from 
seventh to third position as an interior cot- 
ton market. Little Rock is also one of the 
largest cottonseed oil and products markets 
in the United States. It is also a great 
grain-shipping center, receiving millions of 
bushels of corn, wheat, and oats annually. 
Its growth as a wholesale market is phe- 
nomenal, and its aggregate shipments, ex- 
clusive of grain and cottonseed oil and prod- 
ucts, fill more than one hundred thousand 
cars per year. 

The capital city ranks first as a manufac- 
turing city, also. Woodworking, creosot- 
ing, mattress making, and many other 
kinds of factories abound. The largest 
railroad shops of the Missouri Pacific rail- 
way system are located here. 

There are many important public buildings, 
including the State Caj)itol, the Deaf-^Iute 
Institute, the State Reform School, the State 
Asylum for the Insane, Masonic Temple, 
Y. M. C. A. Building, Hotel Marion, Little 
Rock High School, St. Mary's Convent, etc. 



Fort Smith 



The rapid growth is indicated by the fact 
that nearly one thousand building permits 
were issued in 1911, the cost of the build- 
ings aggregating nearly a million and a 
half of dollars. 

Fort Smith, the county seat of Sebastian 
County, the second largest city in the state, 
is situated at the junction of the 
Poteau and Arkansas rivers in 
the midst of a region rich in the raw materi- 
als of timber, cotton, coal, fruit, grain, nat- 
ural gas, fire and brick clays, and building 
stones. Five lines of railroads pass through 
the city, connecting it with important cen- 
ters of trade. It is the most important 
shipping and commercial point between St. 
Louis and Dallas. 

It is the largest furniture manufacturing 
point west of the Mississippi River, more 
than one thousand cars of furniture having 
been made here in 1911. The Fort Smith 
Wagon Company has an annual output of fif- 
teen thousand wagons. Other woodwork- 
ing factories produce tool handles, doors, 
etc. A cotton compress, two cotton gins, 
and a cottonseed mill are located here. 



24 



ARKAXSAS SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. ■J4. — Mus.ii.ic Tcmplr. I.itlle K.nk. 

There are several large wholesale houses 
dealing in luirdware, groceries, and drugs; 
three fruit and produce houses, and a cracker 
and biscuit factor}-, and also 
many wholesale and johbing 
liouses. 

The city lias brick pavements, 
an electric street car system, a 
waterworks plant, and sewer sys- 
tem. There is no better schoul 
system in the state. 

Pine Blufl', the county seat of 

Jefferson County, is one of tlie 

„. „ most extensive cot- 

Pme Bluff , 1 . ..1 

ton markets in the 

state, an average of 100.000 
bales being marketed annually. 
It has excellent shipping facili- 
ties by the Arkansas River, the 



8t. Loui.s, Iron Mountain, and Soutliern, 
the St. Louis and Southwestern, and tlie 
Pine Hluff and Swan Lake railroads. The 
city has two large cotton compresses, two 
cotton oil and seed mills, the shops of tlie 
St. Louis and Southwestern railway, em- 
ploying from five hundred to seven hundred 
men, a large elevator, sheet iron works, 
flour mills, and a number of sawmills, and 
wood-manufacturing plants. Besides its 
good public school .system it has a business 
college, and a Colored Normal College under 
the direction of the State University. 

Hot Springs, the county seat of Garland 
County, famous as a healtli and 2)leasure re- 
sort, has forty-four hot springs, 
whose average temperature is 
1'-)5° Fahrenlieit, discharging a million gid- 
hins per da}'. Congress, after due investi- 
gation, took possession of the springs in 
1832, and retained around them an ample 
reservation of land, the first national park 
reservation of land. The government has 
made a system of driveways and walks on 
the three mountains comprising the reserva- 
tion, and controls the bath houses. The 
revenue from water rentals amounts to more 
than #.30,000 per year. The waters are 
benelicial for a wide range of diseases. Visi- 
tors to the number of nearly one hundred 
tliousand jier year go to Hot Springs. The 
government maintains an Army and Nav}' 



Hot Springs 




."). — VnmiL; .Nk'n's riii-isiian Assuciatiun, I.ittli- Knck. 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



25 



■s-***!. s^sssrSLL: 



J;;;^s|g^ 




Fig. 26. — Fort Smith Wagon Cumpaiiy. 



Ho.spital, which has returned 94 per cent of 
its patients to duty. 

A short distance from tlie city is the 
largest alligator farm in the world. There 
is also, one of the finest ostrich farms in 
America, containing over one hundred os- 
triches. The young birds are very hard to 
raise ; consequently ostriches bring from 
l-tOO to !|450 per bird. Their principal 
food is alfalfa hay, cut up and mixed with 
bran. The feathers are picked every nine 
montiis. the finest plumes being taken from 
the wings of the male birds. 

Argenta is in Pulaski County, on the 

opposite bank of the Arkansas River from 

Little Rock. The town has 

several cottonseed oil mills 

and compresses. 

Helena, the county seat of Phillips 
County, with its four railroads and the 
Mississippi River, carries on 
a vast amount of commerce, 
exporting cotton and lumber. In the 
city are four cottonseed oil mills, two 
cotton compresses, two large sawmills, 
and several woodworking factories. 

Jonesboro, the county seat of Craig- 
head County, is an important manufac- 
turing center. It has in 
all, twenty -one factories 



Helena 



making various articles, a cotton gin and a 
flour mill and elevator. It has five rail- 
ways, good electric lights, wholesale gro- 
ceries, city water, sewers, and a good public 
school system. 

Texarkana, one of the industrial centers 
of the Southwest, is thus named because part 

of the city is in Arkansas and 

. . rj,'^ r,,, , , ,. Texarkana 

part m i exas. ine state line, 

marked by an avenue one hundred feet wide, 
runs through the business center. It has 
fifty-seven factories, among which are saw- 
mills, woodworking factories, canning fac- 
tories, and brick yards. It has the only 
window glass factory south of the Mason 
and Dixon line, a very large peanut factory, 
a casket factory, two large oil mills, and a 



Jonesboro 



_^ —.1 , ----- ■■ ^ 


i 




■*/■•■''..■■■ 


W^^^^^^&l^^^ 









Fig. 



-Ccittou yards, Ilfli-na. 



26 



AUKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



Marianna 



large creosote factory, which does 18 per cent 
of all the creosoting in the United States. 
For transportation there are four trunk rail- 
way lines. 

Paragould, the county seat of Green 
County, has planing and saw mills, handle, 

rod, stave, and heading facto- 
Paragould • n •,, i ..^ 

ries. Hour mills and a cotton 

gin. There are good railroad connections. 
Marianna, the county seat of Lee County, 
is a lumber and cotton center, with three 
large lumber mills, a brick 
manufactory, a 8100,000 cot- 
ton oil plant, and a spoke factory. 

Fayetteville, the county seat of Washing- 
ton County, is the site of the State Univer- 
sity and government experiment station. 
There is also a good business 
college. The city has be- 
come an important fruit-sliipping and can- 
ning center. There are large lumber plants, 
and factories for making handles, spokes, 
wagons, window frames, and doors. 

El Dorado, the county seat of Union 
County, is a progressive city, having nine 
manufacturing plants, includ- 
ing flour and lumber mills. 
Camden, the county seat of Ouachita 
County, has excellent transportation facili- 
ties in its two railways and the 
Camden ,-^ i • t-.- ^ i 

Ouachita Kiver. Cotton and 

lumber are the leading products shipped out. 
Mena, the county seat of Polk County, 
has a sawmill, grist mill, cotton gin, ice 
factory, two planing mills, 
cement, brick, and block facto- 
ries, anil wholesale groceries. 

Van Buren, the county seat of Crawford 
County, is supplied with a canning factory, 
Van Buren «otton compress, cotton gin, 
concrete block manufactory, 
two lumber companies, and machine shops. 
It has good railway and water connections, 
and is a great center for fruit shipping. 
There is a #600.000 bridge across the Ar- 
kansas River, connecting Van Buren with 
Fort Smith. 

Blythcville, in the northeast part of Mis- 



BlytheviUe 



Batesville 



sissippi County, has fourteen factories, also 
five cotton gins, one wholesale 
grocery, two wholesale feed 
houses, and a marble yard. The transpor- 
tation facilities are good. 

Hope, in Hempstead County, is on the 
main line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, 
and Southern Railway, and is 
the terminus of three other - 
lines. It supports a large cotton compress, 
a cottonseed oil mill, woodworking factories, 
pine and hardwood mills, and brick works. 

Newport, the county seat of Jackson 

County, has two cotton compresses, two 

stave fiictories, sawmills, a 

c , 1 • 1 Newport 

wagon factory, machine shops, 

and an oil mill. 

Batesville, the county seat of Indej)en- 
dence Count}-, excellenth- located on White 
River, has developed into an 
important trading center. 

Eureka Springs, the county seat of Car- 
roll County, located in the Ozarks, is a city 
of springs. There are more 

than forty within the citv f'"'*'^ 
1- ■ r,\, Springs 

limits. Ihe curative waters 

attract thousands of visitors annually. The 

city is well supplied with lumber factories. 

Russellville, the county seat of I'ope 
County, has machine shops, a wagon fac- 
tory, a furniture factorv, and 

■' , . . ^ ^''. Russellville 

several important cotton gins. 

Rogers, in Benton County, has canneries, 
fruit evaporators, a large vinegar factory, 
white lime factory, barrel fac- 
tory, flouring mill, and a large 
ice and cold-storage plant. 

Conway, the county seat of Faulkner 
County, contains a state normal school, 
Hendrix College, a Methodist 
South institution for men, and 
Central College, a Baptist institution for 
women. There are cotton gins, saw and 
grist mills, and a cottonseed oil mill. 

Fordyee, the leading town in 
Dallas County, has big lumber 
interests. 

Malvern, the county seat of Hot Springs 



Rogers 



ARKAXSAS SUPPLEMENT 



27 



County, the center of an agricultural coun- 

„ , try, has two brick plants, a chair 

Malvern . ' r 4. i 

lactory, a screen lactory, and a 

branch of a large plow company. Transpor- 
tation facilities are afforded b}" the Iron 
Mountain and Rock Island railways. 

Stuttgart, in Arkansas County, has two 
rice mills, which have a ca- 
pacity of 1400 barrels every 
twelve hours. 



County, has lumber, cotton, 
and brick industries. 

Forrest City, the county seat of St. 
Francis Count}', is a progressive business 

town with good railroad con- „ 

° 11, Forrest City 

nections, surrouniled by agri- 
cultural and timber resources. It has a 
cotton oil mill and woodworking factories. 
Morrillton, the county seat of Conway 
County, ships more than 30,000 bales of cot^ 




Fig. 28. — Interior of- an uM riue mill in Stiitig;irt. 



Arkadelphia, the county seat of Clark 
County, is located in the center of a 
flourishing truck and fruit country. It has 
a large flour mill whose annual business 
amounts to 12,000,000, a cotton oil mill, a 
planing mill, machine shops, 
brick and tile works and bot- 
tling works. It contains the Ouachita 
(Baptist) College and the Henderson 
(Methodist South), also two negro colleges. 
Prescott, the county seat of Nevada 



Morrillton 



ton annually and many cars of 
strawberries. 

Siloam Springs, in Benton County, con- 
tains the Arkansas Conference College 
(Methodist). It has a fruit- siloam 
evaporating establishment, a Springs 
cannery, and a vinegar factory. It is well 
known as a health resort. 

Nashville, in Howard County, is a good 
trading point. It has cotton 
and lumber mills. 



Nashville 



28 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



Stamps 



Wynne, the county seat of Cross County, 

has two sawmills, one spoke factory, one 

„ stave factory, one hoop fac- 

Wynne , , i ' i- i 

tor\', and bottling works. 

Searty, the county seat of White County, 
is surrounded b\' cotton, grain, and fruit 
lands. Twelve thousand to 
fourteen thousand bales of 
cotton are bought and sold annually and 
more than •'1100,000 of strawberries are 
shipped annually witliiu a radius of ten 
miles. It has a healthful climate, good 
schools, and modern improvements. Searcy 
contains Galloway College, an excellent 
female institution. 

Stamj)s, in Lafayette County, has the 
largest lumber mill concern in the United 
States. Au excellent hard- 
wood mill is located here also. 
Mouticello, the county seat of Drew 

. „ County, has several industrial 

Monticello i , • • . , 

concerns dealing with cotton. 

Warren, the county seat of Bradley 

County, leads the state in the 
Warren /' 

raanuiacture of yellow june. 

Alagnolia, the county seat of Columbia 
County, is an important cotton- 
shipping point. 
Crossett, in Ashley County, is famous for 
Crossett its immense sawmill. 

Clarendon, tlie county seat of Monroe 
County, is famous for its large oar factory. 

„, , It has several other kinds of 

Clarendon i i ■ e ■ t 

woodworking tactories. It 

manufactures buttons from mussel sliells, 

and has a slioe last factory. 

1. AVliat two lines of factory work predominate 
in the cities named ? 2. How do you account for it? 
■i. What (illier states have cities that abound in 
cotton gins-, cotton compresses, and cottonseed oil 
mills? 4. AVhat other states have cities abound- 
ing in woodworking industries and sawmills? 
5. What reason can you give for the growth of each 
of our largest cities: Little Rock, Fort Smith, Pine 
Bluff, Hot Springs, Helena? 6. Xame the cities 
and towns that are leaders in the fruit industry. 
7. Notice the location of the principal cities in ref- 
erence to watercourses and railways. 8. Xame 
several cities in the I'nited States that are of about 



Magnolia 



the same size as Little Rock. (Pages 428 and 429.) 
9. In wliat part of the state are there important sum- 
mer resorts? Why? 

XI. Government and Education 

The chief executive ollicer of the state is 
tlie governor, elected by the people for two 
years. Other state officers Government 
elected by the people at the l. state 
.same time are the secretary of state, auditor, 
treasurer, attorney-general, commissioner 
of lands, commissioner of mines, manufac- 
tures, and agriculture, and superintendent 
of pul)lic instruction. The legislature is 
made up of two houses. The reiuesenta- 
tives are elected for two years, the seiiiitors 
for four years. The legislature meets at 
Little Rock, the state capital, every odd- 
numljered year for a session of sixty days, 
but tlie term may be extended by a two 
thirds vote. The third department of state 
government is vested in one supreme court 
and several lower courts. The supreme 
<tourt is composed of one chief justice and 
four associate justices. The su[)reme judges 
are elected by the peo^ile for a term of eight 
years. 

There are seventy-five counties. The 
executive department o"f a county con- 
sists of a sheriff, assessor, treas- 
urer, coroner, clerk, recorder, 
surve3'or, and county examiner. In ll'Il 
eight counties had county superintendents 
of schools instead of county examiners. 
The judicial department consists of one 
county-uiid-probate judge. There is no de- 
partment ill the county that may prop- 
erly- be called legislative. The nearest 
approach to one is the meeting of the 
county judge and the justices of tlie peace 
to levy taxes and to vote appropriations. 
These officers have no power to make laws. 
The duties of the county government in- 
clude levying and collecting of taxes, the 
arrest and punishment of criminals, tlie 
care of roads and bridges, the looking after 
paujiers, the licensing of teachers, etc. 

Munici[)al corporations are divided into 



2. Counties 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



29 



3. Cities 



three classes: cities of the first chiss, cities 
of the second class, and in- 
corporated towns. Cities of 
5000 jjopulation or more are cities of the 
first class. Tiie officers elected by the 
people are the mayor, clerk, treasurer, at- 
torney, police judge, and aldermen. Other 
oflicers are ai^poiuted by the mayor, by the 
city council, or by both. The mayor is 
responsible for the enforcement of laws. 
The clerk keeps a record of the business 
transacted by the council and gives detailed 
statements of the financial condition of the 
city. The treasurer has charge of the city's 
funds. The attorney is the legal adviser of 
the mayor and council, and attends to all 
suits brought by or against the city. Tiie 
legislative department consists of a board of 
aldermen, the judicial dejjartment, of the 
police judge. 

Cities of more than ioOO population and 
less than 5000 population are cities of the 
second class. An incorporated town is a 
town or village whose population (h)es not 
exceed 2500. 

In the state constitution there is a sec- 
lion that says that "the state shall ever 
Education maintain a general, suitable, 

1. Common and efficient system of free 

schools schools, whereby all persons 

in the state, between the age of six and 
twenty-one years, may receive gratuitous 
instruction." Separate schools are main- 
tained for negroes. When Arkansas entered 
the Union in 1836, Congress provided that 
one section of the public lands in every 
township should be set aside for the benefit 
of the public schools of the state. In addi- 
tion to the fund derived from these lauds 
the state levies a two-mill tax on all prop- 
erty in the state and a poll tax of one dollar 
on every male inhabitant over twenty-one 
years. The remainder of the current ex- 
penses is borne b}- the school district. In 
1911 the legislature appropriated ¥50,000 a 
year for state aid to high schools. 

The counties are divided into school dis- 
tricts. Each special district elects six direc- 



tors, and each common school district elects 
three directors, who hire teachers and other 
officers and take care of school property. 
In 1911 the school population was 585,749, 
while the school enrollment was 404,760. 
The number of teachers was 9834. 

A decided advance in public education is 
now being made. During the decade from 
1900 through 1910 the annual amount avail- 
able for public schools increased 250 per 
cent, making an amount of -f 5,000,000 in 
1910. The school property, amounting to 
•f 7,800,000 in 1910, showed an advance of 
300 per cent. The school population in- 
creased 20 per cent. During 1911 there 
was a further increase of 2 per cent. In 
1900 the school revenue per child, accord- 
ing to census count, was $4.13; in 1911 it 
was f 8.63. In 1900 the average length of 
the annual school term was 77 days; for 
the school year of 1910-11 it was 114 daj^s. 
During, 1911. an average of 160 days, or 
eight months, was taught in the special 
districts, and 99 da)'s, or almost five months, 
in the common school districts. Consoli- 
dation of weak school districts is now per- 
mitted. 

State schools for the deaf-mutes and the 
blind and a reform school are located at 
Little Rock. 

There is one state normal school at Con- 
way. The State University at Fayetteville 
has a strong normal depart- 2. Normal 
ment. At Pine Bluff there is schools 
a Branch Normal College for the education 
of negroes. This is under the supervision 
of the State University. Eleven high 
schools in the state offer normal courses. 

The University of Arkansas is located 
at Fayetteville, Washington County, in the 
very heart of the Ozark INIoun- 3. state 
tains. Higher education is of- »°'versity 
fered in liberal arts, sciences, and engineer- 
ing, and agriculture. Special attention is 
given to agriculture courses. Federal aid 
is given to this line of work ; experiment 
stations are maintained for tlie practical 
study of farm problems, and demonstra- 



30 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMEyT 




Agricultural I'.iiiMiiif;, riiivcrsity of Arkans:is. 
Fig. 20. 



ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 



31 



tions of the best methods of farming are 
given on special trains throughout the state. 
Departments of huv and medicine are main- 
tained at Little Rock. 

Within recent years excellent agricultural 
colleges have been established at Jonesboro, 

4. state ilagnolia, Monticello, and Rus- 

agricultural sellviUe. 

^'^ "" ^ There are many private edu- 

cational institutions, most of them conducted 
by religious sects. Some of them are Hen- 

5. Private drix College (Methodist 
institutions South) for men, and Central 
Baptist for women at Conway; Ouachita 
(Baptist) and Henderson-Brown (Methodist 
South) at Arkadelphia; Gallowa}' College 
(Methodist South) for women at Searcy; 
Mountain Home (Baptist) at Mountain 
Home ; Arkansas Confei-ence College 
(Methodist) at Siloam Springs; Arkansas 
Cumberland College at Clarksville; Ar- 
kansas College (Presbyterian) at Bates- 
ville. Other Protestant colleges are located 
at Fordyce, Orchard, Little Rock, Mena, 
Quitman, Yellville, and Imboden. Catholic 
colleges are located at Pine Bluff, Little 
Rock, Fort Smith, Hot Springs, Helena, 
Jonesboro, and Morrillton. 



Besides its schools and colleges, the state 
maintains the insane asylum and peniten- 
tiary at Little Rock, and the other state 
sanitarium for tubercular ird- institutions 
tients at Booneville, Logan County. 

In July, 1911, the United States govern- 
ment had 35o,000 acres of land in Arkansas, 

open to homesteaders. Besides ^ ^ , , . 
, . _ , , , o i^ Federal lands 

this land there are the St. 

Francis River Sunk Lands, containing 
about 100,000 acres in Poinsett, Craig- 
head, and (ireene counties. The govern- 
ment will, in time, dispose of it as gov- 
ernment land. 



Acknowledgments 

Acknowledgment is due Dr. Brough, 
Professor Steele of tlie University of Ar- 
kansas, Mr. Francis Kiefer, forest super- 
visor at Harrison, Mr. Alciatore, director 
of the United States Weather Bureau at 
Little Rock, j\Ir. George R. Brown, secre- 
tary of the Little Rdck Board of Trade, 
Professor Walker of the University of 
Arkansas, and secretaries of several commer- 
cial leagues of the state, for their helpful 
suggestions and aid. 



1910 



Arkansas . 

Ashley 

Baxter 

Benton . ■ • 
Boone 

Bradley . . . 
Calbmm . . 

Carroll 

Chicot 

Clark 

Clay 

Cleburne. . 
Cleveland . 
Columbia.. 
Conway-.. 

Craighead. 
Crawford.. 
Crittendon 

Cross 

Dallas 

Ilcsha .... 

Drew 

Kaulkner . 
Franklin .. 
Fulton 



Api'Rdxr- 
-MATE Are.v 
:?*;. Milks 



1,000 
940 
600 

880 
G18 

M,5 
900 
MO 

S.Tfl 

900 
.Wfi 
(MO 
500 
900 
iMO 

720 
0-25 
62'J 



SfiO 
80O 
f)T6 
082 
G60 



Total 

POIT- 

LATION * 



16,103 
2.'i.263 
10,8S9 
33,389 
14,818 

14,.518 
9,894 
16,s-29 
21,987 
23,686 

23,690 
11.903 
13,481 
23.820 
22,729 

27,627 
23,942 
22,447 
14.042 
12.621 

l.%274 
21,900 
2i!,70S 
20,0.38 
12,198 



Garland 

Grant 

Greene 

Hempstead.. . 
Hot ;^print?s. . 

Howard 

Independence 

Izard 

-lackson 

.Jefferson 

Johnson 

Lafayette 

Lawrence . . . . 

Lee 

Lincoln 

Little Eiver... 

Logran 

Lon.ike 

Madi>oii 

Marion 

Miller 

Mississippi . .. 

Monroe 

Montgomery . 
Nevada 



.\prRr»xi- 
MATE Area 

Sq. Miles 



580 
042 
640 
720 
610 

630 
645 
600 

asi) 

700 
500 
600 
602 
510 

522 
6.50 

778 
S:!8 
640 

700 
900 
616 
900 



Total 

PoiT- 

LATION * 



27,371 
9,425 
23,852 
28,286 
15,022 

16,898 
24,776 
14,.i61 
23,501 
62,734 

19,698 
13,741 
20.001 
24.252 
15,118 

18.597 
26,3.50 
27,9'^5 
16,0.i6 
10,203 
]9,,^^5 
30,468 
19.907 
12.4.W 
19,344 



County 



Newton. .. 
Ouachita . . 

Perry 

Phillips... 
Pike 

Poinsett .. 

Polk 

Pope 

Prairie. . . . 
Pulaski 

Randolph.. 
St. Francis 

Saline 

Scott 

Searcy 

Sebastian . . 

Sevier 

Sharp 

stone 

Union . . . 



Van Bureii . . 
Washington. 

White 

Wnodruir.... 
Yell 



Appro.xi- 
-MATE Area 
S(j. Miles 



810 
730 
622 
660 
600 

756 
945 

781 
718 
781 

700 
620 
764 
1,000 
678 

542 

5.')U 

000 
1.080 

720 
1.100 
1.100 

(',00 

imO 



The State. 



Total 
Popf- 

LATION * 



10,612 

21,774 

9,402 

33.535 

12,.'i65 

12,791 
17,216 
24,527 
13,«J 
86,751 

18,987 
22,54S 
16,6.57 
14.302 
14.826 

52.278 
10.616 
11.6^8 
8.',I40 
80,723 

13..509 
.33.889 
28.574 
20,049 
26,323 

1,574.449 



* Includes Indians, and Chinese, . Japanese, and other .Vsiatics. 



JUL 5 1912 



ARKAIfSAS SUPPLEMENT 



riTIKS AM> INCORPORATED TOWNS WHOSE POPULATION IS MOB 



LIBRftRY oc CONGRESS 



014 646 109 {; 



Arfinta 

Arkodelnhia 

Bates ville 

Blythevillc- 

Ca'indon 

Cbrondon 

Conwav. 

Crossett 

!)f Queen 

i:!.Iorado 

Kureka Sprlnf^s . 

KayctUiviile 

Fordyce 

Forrest 

Fort Smitli 

Helena 

Hope 

Hot Snrliips 

•lonesboro. 

Little U<"-k 

Ma^^ntiHu 



1010 


1900 


ll.^<i> 


— 


i'lV) 


2,789 


»,»99 


2,827 


8,S4» 


802 


3,995 


2,S40 


2.087 


1,S4« 


2,794 


2.008 


2.038 





2.1)13 


1,20" 


4.202 


l.ilft' 


3.22S 


3,.'i-2 


4.471 


4.0C1 


2,794 


1.711) 


2,4S4 


1.81-.1 


23,975 


ii.."is; 


8.772 


\XAt 


8,«39 


1.644 


14.4»» 


9,978 


7. lit 


4..'i<>'' 


4.'i.!'41 


8s.*|- 


■i.lM,'i 


l.fiU 



Malvern .... 

Mariaiina 

Market! Tree 

Mena 

Montic«llo ' 

Morrillton 

Nashville 

Newport ■ 

Parapnuld 

Tine Bluff 

Prescott 

Kojiers 

Ru«^sellvme ... 

Searcy 

Siloam Sprinps. 

Stamps 

Stuttgart 

IVxarkana — 

Van Buren 

Warren 

Wvnne 



rjio 


lUUO 


2.;Ts 


I..V-2 


4.S10 


1,707 


2,026 


.852 


3,953 


8,428 


2,274 


1,579 


2,424 


1.707 


2,874 


92S 


8,557 


2.S06 


5,248 


3.824 


15,102 


11.496 


2,705 


2,01 1.1 


2.w)lP 


2.I.')S 


2.936 


1,S(2 


2.3:31 


1,995 


2,405 


1.748 


2,816 


1.021 


2.740 


1.2.W 


5,655 


4,914 


3.S78 


2,!i;8 


2.057 


9.M 


2,358 


1,629 



POPCLATK^N OF TOWNS OF lOKI TO 2000 



1910 1900 

Arkansas City 1.4S5 1.091 

Ashilown 1,247 40O 

Atkins 1,258 745 

\„e„sta 1.520 1.040 

lUni,,,, 1.70* 1.025 

■Jenlonville 1.9.% 1.843 

Bl.ick liiR-k 1.07S 1,400 

HocnKVille 1.681 9SS 

Brinkley 1.740 1,648 

ClarksvllU" 1.456 1.0S6 

Coal Hill l.-'29 1,.841 

C.niins 1.4:i9 1.041 

C.tton Plant l.OSl 45S 

Darilantlle 1,7.'>7 1,602 

Tlfimott 1.662 467 

Dtsarc l-IK'l '>4" 

Karle 1.542 

Enirlaml 1.407 86« 

r„v,-nwo,Hi 1.124 491 

Gu.-,l..n 1.2*4 1,045 



Hamburg 

HarriaoD 

Hartford 

Heber Springs. . 
llunllngton... 

IIuttiK 

Junction City . 
I-ake Village . . . 

Leslie 

Lonoke. 

McGehee 

Nettleton 

Osceola 

Ozark 

Paris 

PlKK"" 

P«cab«>ntA.s 

KcoL.r 

Shniiirdalf 

Walnut Kiilge.. 



1910 

i.;->T 

1.C02 
1,780 
1,126 
1.700 
1,240 
1.065 
1,074 
1,S98 
1,.M7 
1,157 
1.080 
1.769 
1.146 
1,497 
LLW 
1.547 
l.S-W 
1.755 
1,793 



11)00 

1,260 

1,5,'>1 

460 

K)2 
1.29S 

1.241 



6i3 
O.'iS 
SIS 
f;i6 
.'V.I7 
967 
!>20 
1,251 
S45 




F 

Bur 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 646 109 8 



